Classification of jewelry

Classification of Jewels 1. Natural stones: diamonds, fluorspar, rubies, sapphires, hematite, crystals, spinels, gold green cat's eyes, yellow-green cat's eyes, yellow stones, emeralds, emeralds, tourmalines, and the walls of There are 17 species such as opal, amethyst gold ore and quartz.

Natural jade: agate, jasper, Lingbi jade, Hetian jade, Xiuyan jade, Nanyang jade, jadeite, Lantian jade, malachite, turquoise, Dongling jade, Zhungeer jade, luminous jade, silicon malachite, green frozen There are 19 species such as stone, lapis lazuli, golden jade, ice flower jade, and English stone.

3. Natural color stone: Shoushan Stone, Tianhuang Stone, Qingtian Stone, Bloodstone, Wuhua Stone, Changbai Stone, Endstone, Meteorite, Songhua Stone, Yuhua Stone, Bahrain Stone, Helan Stone, Chrysanthemum Stone, Ziyun Stone, Meteorite Stone, Swallow Stone, Dragonfly Stones, red silk stone, Taihu stone, Chang fossil, serpentine, Sheung Shui stone, talc, granite, marble and other 25 species.

4. Natural and organic gemstones: amber, pearl, coral and other 3 species were selected in China National Stone in 1999. The top five are: Xiuyan Yu, Nanyang Yu (Dongyu), Kunshan Yu (Hetian Yu), agate, and green. Turquoise.

1. Diamond: A diamond is a crystalline mineral that is completely crystallized from a single element of carbon. It is also the only gemstone that consists of a single element. Diamonds are octahedral cleavages, which are the four directions of planar octahedral crystal faces and are usually stepped. Diamonds are chemically stable and not easily soluble in acids and bases. However, in pure oxygen, decomposition occurs when it is heated to about 1770 degrees. In vacuum, heating to 1700 degrees will decompose it into graphite. Diamonds are transparent, translucent, and opaque. A gem-quality diamond should be colorless and transparent, with no or minimal defects. It can also be slightly yellowish or very light brown. The most precious colors are natural pink, followed by blue and green.

2. Pearl: When shellfish mollusks in seawater or freshwater enter fine impurities, the mantle is stimulated to secrete a nacre (mainly calcium carbonate), which wraps small impurities and gradually becomes a small ball. Is the pearl. Pearl color is mainly white, pink and light yellow, with a pearl luster, the surface of the rainbow shining faintly dazzling pearls. White color, bright skin, round shape, hard grain size is the highest value.

3. Turquoise: Turquoise is a self-colored gem, a completely hydrated copper-aluminum phosphate. The molecular formula is CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8.5H2O (aluminum copper phosphate pentahydrate). Turquoise transparency is opaque and the lower part of the sheet is translucent. The polished surface is a sheen glass luster, and the cut surface is a dull sheen. Turquoise species include Persian Turquoise, American Turquoise and Mexican Turquoise, Egyptian Turquoise and Turquoise with Iron.

4. Lapis Lazuli: Lapis Lazuli is a mineral of the sodalite group; the formula of Lapis Lazuli is (Na,Ca)7-8(Al,Si)12(O,S)24(SO4), Al2Cl2(OH)2 (OH)2, where sodium is often partially replaced by potassium and * is partially replaced by quinone, chlorine or selenium. The types of lapis lazuli include Persian lapis lazuli, Soviet lapis lazuli or Spanish lapis lazuli, and Chilean lapis.

5. Opal Stone: An opal of minerals with the molecular formula SiO2nH2O (silica hydrate). Because the sio2 beads in the opal neatly line up like a grating, white light strikes the top and then diffracts, disperses into a color spectrum, so Opal Stone has brilliant colors, especially red ones are the most precious. The types of opal stone include white opal stone, black opal stone, crystalline opal stone, fire opal stone, colloidal opal stone or jade drop opal stone, boulder gravel opal stone, gangue opal stone Or in the matrix opal stone.

6. Peridot: Peridot is a self-colored gemstone, and common colors are pure green, yellow-green to brown-green. Peridot is not colorless. The molecular formula is: (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 (magnesium magnesium silicate). Peridot types include olivine, topaz, forsterite, fayalite, "Twilight Emerald" and travertine.

7. Feldspar: Classification of feldspars by mineralogy is divided into two main types: potash feldspar and plagioclase. The molecular formulae are: KAlSi3O8 (potassium aluminum silicate), NaAlSi3O8 (sodium aluminum silicate). The types of feldspars include moonstones or feldspars, solaris, or feldspars of placer stones, labradorites, celestial rocks, or Amazonian rocks.

8. Jade: jadeite (also known as jade), nephrite. Jadeite is a sodium and aluminum silicate with the formula: NaAl(SiO3)2. Nephrite is an aqueous calcium magnesium silicate with the formula: CaMg5(OH)2(Si4O11)2.

9. Quartz: Quartz is a colored gemstone, and pure quartz is colorless and transparent. The formula is SiO2. The types of quartz include crystal, iridescent or reddish quartz, rutile spots or net rutile quartz, amethyst, citrine, soot quartz or smoke crystal, Hibiscus stone, aventurine stone, blue quartzite, milk quartz, blue quartz or Sapphire quartz, tiger's eye, eagle's or falcon's eyes, quartz cat's eye, starred or star quartz.

10. Chalcedony: Also called cryptocrystalline quartz. The formula is sio2. The types of chalcedony include moonstone, green chalcedony, red agate, red chalcedony, bloodstone, lavender, agate, onyx, jasper, dark green chalcedony, silicon malachite chalcedony, and silicified wood.

11. Garnet: Its crystals are named after the shape and color of the pomegranate seeds. The general formula of garnet is R3M2(SiO4)3 (R and M are certain elements). The types of garnets include zirconia, garnet, garnet, garnet, garnet, and garnet.

12. Zircon: The color is red, yellow, blue, purple and so on. The molecular formula is ZrSiO4 (zirconium silicate).

13. Spinel: The color is yellow, green and colorless. The formula is MgAl2O4. The types of spinel include red spinel, ruby-colored spinel or ruby ​​spinel, purple or spinel-like spinel, powder or rose spinel, orange spinel, Blue spinel, sapphire-colored spinel, or sapphire spinel, spinel-like spinel, black spinel, iron magnesium spinel, or magnesium-magnesium spinel.

14. Topaz: Topaz is an aluminum fluorosilicate, orthorhombic. The formula is Al2(F,OH)2SiO4. The types of topaz include brown to yellow brown, light blue to light blue, pink, colorless, and other species.

15. Tourmaline: An extremely complex boroaluminosilicate, which may contain one or several of the following: magnesium, sodium, lithium, iron, potassium, or other metals. The proportions of these elements are different and the colors are different. The types of tourmalines include red, green, blue, yellow and orange, colorless or white, black, variegated gemstones, cat's eye tourmaline, and tourmaline-like tourmalines.

16. Jinlvyu: It is a spinel group mineral, aluminate. The main component is alumina crucible, which belongs to orthorhombic system. The molecular formula is BeAl2O4. The types of gold green jade include alexandrite, cat's-eye, alexandrite and other varieties.

17. Beryl: The beryl is colorless in its pure state; different variants have different colors due to the presence of trace metal oxides. In the presence of chromium oxide or vanadium oxide, it usually becomes emerald, while aquamarine is formed by the coloration of ferrous oxide. The formation of beryl is due to the presence of magnesium, which is colored with iron oxide. The molecular formula is: Be3Al2(SiO3)6. The types of beryl include emeralds, aquamarines, maxixe beryl, beryl, beryl, other transparent species, cat's eye beryl, star beryl.

18. Corundum: Corundum is a very common mineral. In addition to the Star Gem, only translucent to transparent variants can be called gemstones. The molecular formula is al2o3, contains chromium oxide in red, titanium and iron oxide in blue, iron oxide in yellow, chromium and iron oxide in orange, iron and titanium in green, chromium, titanium and iron oxide in purple . The types of corundum include ruby, star ruby, sapphire, brilliant sapphire, and star sapphire.

19. Amber: An organic substance. It is a petrified rosin that contains some ancient trees related to turpentine. The formula is C40H64O4. The types of amber include sea amber, amber, quebec, block amber, grease amber, grub, bubbler, bone amber.

20. Coral: Another gem raw material that is biogenic. It is the dendritic calcareous skeleton of the coral formed with the proliferation of very tiny marine animal populations.

twenty one. Coal jade: Coal jade is a variant of lignite (the composition is mainly carbon, and contains hydrogen and oxygen). It is made from drift wood by compaction. Driftwood settles to the bottom of the sea and becomes a buried fine-grained mud. Then it turns into a hard shale called "coal jade rock," and coal jade is biogenic. Coal jade is amorphous, with a dull luster on a rough surface and a shiny glass on the polished surface.

twenty two. Tortoiseshell: Amorphous, with oily sheen to waxy luster, hardness 2.5.

twenty three. Synthetic corundum: refers to man-made materials that have essentially the same physical, optical, and chemical properties compared to natural corundum.

twenty four. Synthetic gemstones: Synthetic gemstones that have essentially the same physical, optical, and chemical properties as natural gemstones. Synthetic gemstone types include synthetic rutile, barium titanate, yttrium garnet, rolled garnet, synthetic cubic zircon, synthetic sapphire, synthetic spinel, synthetic rutile, synthetic rhenium, synthetic diamonds, synthetic emeralds, synthetic European Moor, synthetic quartz.

25. Double stone: also known as composite stone, which is a gemstone made of two different materials. The type of double stone is divided according to the nature of the material used in the bonding. The types of double stone include garnet and glass doublestones, emerald substitutes, opal stone substitutes, star sapphire substitutes, diamond substitutes, and other various kinds of imitation stones.