In the Ming Dynasty, Hetian Yu was not in the palace in the folk (Figure)

金托玉爵

Jin Tuo Yu Jue, unearthed in Ming Dingling.

In the Ming Dynasty, the jade articles in Xinjiang were mostly used in Xinjiang Hetian jade. The jade quality was superior, the types of utensils were diverse, and the craftsmanship was pioneering and innovative. The Suzhou industrialized production workshop appeared, and the jade jade was famous. Ming vigorously restored the Confucianism thoughts and formed a retro-style trend of thought, which led to the emergence and high development of antique jade in the Ming Dynasty. In this issue, the director of the Academic Research Department of the China Collectors Association and the jade expert Gu Fang will lead us to the style of the Ming Dynasty jade.

Text, map / reporter Liang Qiao

The retro tide prompted a large number of antique jade

The Ming Dynasty has enjoyed more than three hundred years, and jade articles have different stages of development and characteristics as the social environment changes.

The establishment of the Ming Dynasty marked the end of the rule of the Yuan and Mongolia regimes in politics, and began to vigorously restore the Confucianism in culture, forming a strong retro-style trend of thought. The ancients told reporters that the retro trend of thought prompted a large number of antique jade articles with distinctive features in the Ming Dynasty. Whether in the royal family or the private sector, the collection of antique jade became a common practice. "In the Ming Dynasty royal family and the tomb of the King of the Kings, Yu Gui and Ji Yupei were almost unearthed, indicating that their use is very extensive. Yugui's style is as described in "Zhou Li", there is '镇圭', ' Gu Gui 'etc; group Yu Pei is a reference to the style of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties."

There are two main types of antique jade in the Ming Dynasty: one is based on the ancient jade wares and patterns, and the jade is often used to make profits. The other is antique utensils, such as jade made of bronze. The common types of jade, jade, jade, jade, etc. are all based on the characteristics of the jade material of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, which gives the people a simple and dignified beauty. The kind of antique jade is used by the literati of the Ming Dynasty to express the feelings of nostalgia.

In terms of function, the Ming Dynasty jade can be divided into several distinct categories: imperial jade, such as jade belt, jade, jade, jade, etc.; jade, such as enamel, seal, pen holder, paperweight, stove top Etc.; daily utensils, such as bowls, cups, pots, etc.; clothing and jewelry, such as crown decoration, with hooks, shackles, rings, etc.; play with jade, such as birthday, Guanyin, Luohan, Taibai drunk, deer, horse, ward off evil, etc. .

"Golden jade combination" is extremely magnificent and has auspicious meaning

In the Ming Dynasty, jade was widely used, and the variety of utensils was abundant. The new daily jade was full of life and interest; the jade material was mostly made of Xinjiang Hetian jade. The fine jade material was not a central monopoly, and folks often had good food. On the other hand, the patterns with auspicious meaning and literati paintings are the distinctive features of this period.

The jade articles of the Ming Dynasty have both delicate white jade, white jade, jasper, and mixed materials with thick texture and insufficient hardness. In the Ming Dynasty, there was also a jade-shaped jade with black and white, which was called "mercury enamel". The ancients believed that this was actually caused by the intrusion of carbon in the formation of jade, not caused by mercury erosion. At the same time, the ancient side pointed out that the fine jade materials of the Ming Dynasty were not all concentrated in the royal family, and the folks often had good materials to stay. "In the Ming Dynasty, the central court could not directly rule the western region, and the Ming government obtained Hetian jade through the king of Hami. Hetian jade It needs to be transported to the mainland. When the layer of jade material is buckled to Beijing, it has been 'unbearable'. Many good jade materials have been flown to the people. This phenomenon lasted until the early Qing Dynasty."

The theme of the Ming Dynasty jade ornamentation uses flowers, birds, animals, auspicious patterns and literati paintings with auspicious meanings, especially dragons, phoenixes, deer, unicorns, and other flower motifs such as lotus, peony, ganoderma, pine, bamboo and plum. More common. The ancient party said that Mingyu had inherited the style of spring water jade in the Yuan Dynasty, and it was full and full of life. Although the late stage was bustling and delicate, it became stylized and lacked vitality.

The ancients pointed out that the "golden and jade combination" is a major feature of the production of this period, especially the gold jade unearthed in the tombs of the Emperor Mausoleum and the King of the King, not only in large quantities, but also in exquisite beauty. "For example, the jade wares unearthed from the Emperor Wanli of Wanli generally use the inlaid gold and jade gemstone crafts, mainly including Jintuo Yujue, Jintuo jade pot, Jintuojinyu jade bowl, 鎏金银托双耳玉杯 and various Inlaid with jade gold enamel and earrings. These products are golden and jade, brilliant and gorgeous."

In addition, the ancients also mentioned some interesting new models that appeared in the Ming Dynasty, such as fancy bowls, fancy cups and top furnaces. "They make large flowers into bowls or cups, outside. The hollow branches and leaves are stretched and entangled to form a wrench or a foot. The shape is vivid and chic. It can be used both practically and ornamentally. The top of the furnace is extended from the top of the Yuan Dynasty. In the official costumes of the Yuan Dynasty, the top of the hat is generally multiple. The openwork process engraves the flower and bird pattern or the dragon and phoenix pattern, the bottom surface is concave, and there is a pair of bull nose piercings for sewing."

Suzhou Zhiyu Craft is the first in the Ming Dynasty

In the aspect of jade treatment, in addition to a few works, the Ming Dynasty jade still continued the multi-carving techniques of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Most of them restored or changed the traditions of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the hidden patterns of the Tang Dynasty were popular again. In addition, the jade industry in the Ming Dynasty has also developed quite mature. The jade workshop in Suzhou is famous all over the world. Many skilled jade masters have been named to this day.

The ancients told reporters that the multiple carving techniques were mainly applied to jade ornaments, bionic jade utensils and round sculptures in the early Ming Dynasty; and the hidden tattoo techniques were mostly used on flat jade articles. "In the Tang Dynasty, the pattern of the hidden pattern decoration technique was higher and had a clear bas-relief effect. In the Ming Dynasty, it was applied to the jade card and the utensils. The pattern was very low, and the feeling was often not felt when touching. The bas-relief is embossed, and the flats are generally different on both sides."

The ancient side pointed out that another remarkable feature of the Ming Dynasty jade jade jade craftsmanship is that the main parts of the light-grained and non-stripe carvings are smooth, polished and polished, and have a glassy luster on the outside; Scribbled grass, even if it is not polished or polished, often has traces of processing when it is removed from the material, that is, the so-called "Ma Ma". In addition, the dragon's rounded convex and grain lines are first made by pipe drilling to determine the position, and then grinding away the surrounding ground, often leaving traces of round pipe drills. “These cases show that during the production of jade articles, the craftsmen of the Ming Dynasty saved further honing and polishing processes on the back or the ground to reduce the working hours; in the main body of the objects and the places where they were easy to be honed, they were honed with nuanced techniques. Decorative grain; when the surface is polished, it is honed with a very fine and tough material, so that the effect of glass light will appear."

The jade of the Ming Dynasty has been industrialized. At that time, the Suzhou jade craft was promoted to be the first in the country, and made a historic contribution to the development and innovation of the jade craft in the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty Song Xing’s "Tiangong Kaiwu" book once praised Suzhou Yugong. "If Liang Yu is a master of Beijing, he will promote the county." The ancients said that at that time, a large number of masters of jade and jade were emerged in Suzhou. Representatives include He Si, Liu Wei, Lu Zigang and others. They are famous for making white jade, amber, crystal and agate into delicate pieces. "In "Suzhou Fuzhi" and "Taicang State", there are some records about Lu Zigang's jade stunts. Where the jade of the jade is generally sand-milled, and Lu Zigang alone uses a knife to engrave, after his death, this hand is also a stunt It was said that his narcissus was smashed, delicate and exquisite, and the flower stems were as thin as hair, which was highly praised by women at that time. 'The price is worth fifty-six gold'. Xu Wei praised in the "Dian Shui Xian": 'Slightly The style is Chen Miaochang, but the smokeless fire Duran incense, Kun Wufeng is hard to end, killing Suzhou Lu Zigang.'"

"Zigang" has far-reaching influence

The ancients pointed out that the Ming Dynasty jade articles inherited some of the characteristics of the previous generation jade articles, such as the hidden patterns of the Tang Dynasty, and the Song and Yuan Dynasties carving techniques were reflected in the Ming Dynasty jade and gained new development. The Liao and Jin jade patterns, such as "Spring Water" and "Akiyama", which are still popular, and the "Human lion taming" and "Lianlu pattern" are still visible in the jade articles of the early Ming Dynasty.

At the same time, the Ming Dynasty jade ware also had a far-reaching influence on the later Jade wares of the Qing Dynasty: the ancient jade was almost developed to the extreme in the Qing Dynasty. It not only copied the rituals such as Yuxi and Yugui, but also the jade wares of the Han Dynasty. Also in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Jade Cup, Yupei imitation; and in the Qing Dynasty jade unearthed and handed down in the Qing Dynasty, the most jade in the Ming Dynasty is the jade with the "Zi Gang" or "Zi Gang" models. Jade is named after Lu Zhigang, a master of jade in the late Ming Dynasty. It is designed with exquisite craftsmanship and exquisite craftsmanship to become the treasures that people love.

The ancient party told the reporter that "the jade articles of the imitation belts in the Qing Dynasty were the most popular jade cards, commonly known as 'Zi Gang Brands', which are rectangular, round or oval, with a poem, a portrayal, and a name. It is a shallow yang, with fine materials, fresh and elegant, and can be worn at the top. Others include pots, cups, washes, plates, ink beds, pens, pens, plaques, plaques, plaques, hooks, enamels, etc. There are yin and yang in the section, and there are also scorpions in the scorpion. The motifs are also diverse, the styles are confusing, and the level of control is very different. There is no similar workmanship."

Identification points

According to the ancient party, the development of the Ming Dynasty jade articles is divided into three phases: early, middle and late:

In the early period of the Ming Dynasty (Hongwu to the orthodox) was the transitional period of the reform of the dynasty. In order to restore economic production, the development of arts and crafts was limited to a certain extent. Many crafts were in a state of pause, so the jade at this time continued the style of Song and Yuan jade: the overall style. It tends to be concise, unconstrained and rich, and the theme pattern is greatly influenced by painting. The jade material is better, the craft is fine, the container is less, and even many jade articles of the Yuan Dynasty are still used. The early models mainly include jade plates, jade, enamel, seals, pen holders, flower-shaped cups, pebbles, cards, cymbals, figures, deer, phoenixes, parrots and other jade rituals, utilities and accessories.

In the middle of the Ming Dynasty (Chenghua to Jiajing), the society was relatively stable and the culture was relatively developed. A large number of humanistic and small-sized accessories began to appear. The style gradually developed in a delicate and delicate direction. The representative types included jade plates, crown ornaments, and enamel. Rings, boys, fish, crickets, birthday cards and other new instruments.

In the late Ming Dynasty (Wanli to Chongzhen), the commodity economy developed rapidly, and the folks used jade to have a strong atmosphere. The jade craftsmanship has developed rapidly, and the style tends to be slender and prosperous. The theme of jade is mainly auspicious patterns, and large jade containers such as pots, bottles, stoves, cups, plates, etc. appear in large numbers.

To distinguish imitation of Ming Dynasty jade articles, the ancient side suggested starting from jade materials, shape, workmanship, etc.:

From the point of view of the type, the imitation of the Ming Dynasty jadeware is more common in the pot and the jade cup, and the ornaments are more imitation of the jade belt decoration and the jade pendant. The ancient side pointed out that the high-type pots of the Ming Dynasty were flat, and the lower part was wider than the upper part. Such jade pots were unearthed from the tombs, while the jade belts of the Ming Dynasty were decorated with hooks, belts and strips. The collectors could refer to the contrast.

From the jade material, “the jade belt decoration material of the Ming Dynasty is better, the sapphire and the white jade are more, and there are a few jasper products. The imitation jade belt decoration, most of the materials are not enough, the counterfeiters prefer to make the province. The jade card that saves labor," said the ancient party.

From the process point of view, the Mingyu belt decoration has been polished, the surface is bright, and the imitation goods are far less so fine, or simply omitting these processes; and some jade pendants in the market that are common in the jade style, the jade is poor. The process is even rougher.

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